Eugnathia Warren^{gen. rev.}

Type species: longipalpis Walker, India.

Synonyms:

• Lophograpta Warren (type species pulcherrima Butler, Japan)
• Bathystolma Turner (type species brunnea Turner, Queensland = diversalis Walker, Seram, Kei, Tenimber, New Guinea).

This genus contains the largest and most robust species in the Oruza complex, mostly assigned to Lophoruza by Poole (1989). The holotype of longipalpis is unique and has lost its abdomen, but the facies accords with the generic features noted here. The facies is generally similar to that of the previous three genera and of some species of Zurobata, but the pale band from the base of the wings that runs along the forewing costa is very broad but usually has a moderate to strong taper towards the forewing apex. Its posterior margin may be irregular or slightly concave, and defined by a darkening of the ground colour just adjacent to it. The band is sometimes pale, but often variegated with a more rufous tint than the general ground colour. It is usually crossed obliquely at two thirds by a pale or dark bar from the postmedial; this fascia is mostly sharply angled at the posterior margin of the costal band. The area between the postmedial bar and the apex is usually marked in a complex fashion and crossed by an arcuate section of the submarginal which may itself be apparent as a white line, and in some species expands into a white lunule or dot just posterior to the costal band. The distal part of the hindwing is normally more uniform than the posterior section of the forewing, but is generally the same colour. The postmedial may be expanded into a short series of dark flecks at the dorsum.

The male abdomen is similar to that of Zurobata and Ataboruza, but the valves of the genitalia are slightly broader, with the costal process very reduced and the saccular one broad, short, variable in shape, arising from a base curved across the centre of the valve. The saccus is rounded, not excavated, apically. The cuticular segment of the ductus ejaculatorius simplex that extends anteriorly from the aedeagus and contains the spermatophore is unusually long (often not retained in dissection, but see Fig 210), and this is reflected in the length of the neck of the corpus bursae.

The female genitalia have the apodemes of the eighth segment short and usually associated with pockets; the segment itself may be longer than in the other genera. The ductus bursae is as short as in other genera, and the ductus seminalis arises at its distal end much as in Zurobata. However, the neck of the corpus bursae is extremely long, coiled several times, and may extend the length of the abdomen or more. It is probably the clearest autapomorphy for the genus.

Bell (MS) reared two Indian species of Eugnathia, pictipennis Hampson (undoubtedly a member of this genus, though combined by Poole (1989) with Pangrapta Hübner) and lunifera Moore. As in the Eublemma group, the prolegs on A3 and A4 are absent, and the larva sits in a highly looped position. There are horn-like processes dorsally on A8 in pictipennis. The setae can be prominent, pilose, clubbed even, and Bell drew comparisons with the catocaline genus Tinolius Walker (see also p. 90). Tanahara & Tanahara (2001) illustrated a larva that they also attributed to lunifera that had a conical peak on A8 but no other conspicuous protuberances. The larva of pulcherrima Butler (see below) has paired processes dorsally on A1-3 and a horn on A8. A fine down or pubescence of secondary setae may also be present. See also Zurobata vacillans (p. 103). More detailed accounts are presented in the species treatments that follow.

The larvae, according to Bell (MS), tend to be sluggish, resting highly looped on stems and twigs of the host plant, often dead ones, or on a leaf surface, the loop sometimes falling sideways onto the leaf surface. Pupation is usually on a vertical surface such as a stem of the host plant or the bark of an associated tree. It occurs in a semi-ovoid, web-like cell or cocoon of silk that incorporates chewed particles of bark.

The host plant recorded in all cases was Smilax (Smilacaceae), a liliaceous genus that includes shrubs, climbers and lianes. Larvae may be found on young shoots regenerating from the ground after burning.

The genus is widespread through the Indo-Australian tropics and subtropics, though it attenuates in diversity east of Sundaland. Ten species occur in Borneo.