Psaphis camadeva Doubleday
Gynautocera camadeva Doubleday, 1847, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (1), 19: 75.
Canerkes gloriosa Rothschild, 1900, Novit. zool., 7: 275-276, syn. n.
Psaphis gloriosa borneensis Jordan, 1907, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 29, syn. n.
Psaphis camadeva celebensis Jordan, 1907, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 29.
Diagnosis and taxonomic note
The males of camadeva are reminiscent of those of some Cyclosia species such as macularia with blackish forewings and blue or purplish blue hindwings. The females are larger and typify the genus, though the female of camadeva is distinctive in the extensive purple areas of the hindwing. See also Psaphis resumpta Walker stat. rev.. Association of camadeva males with females of the gloriosa type is based on compatibility of pattern features of the hindwing underside. The most anterior pale area extending from the base is notched on its anterior edge to give a hook-shape in camadeva but not in resumpta. The pale marks posterior to the cell consist of a short basal streak followed by a small dot that is closer to the larger spot between CuA1 and CuA2 in camadeva, whereas the basal pale mark extends out to join the small dot in resumpta. Females of the two species can also be distinguished by the presence of two further spots anterior to CuA1 and M3 in resumpta, whereas only the one anterior to CuA1 is usually present in camadeva.
It is possible that the female from Sulawesi indicated to be undescribed by Endo & Kishida (1999: 53, fig 10) may relate to the Sulawesi ssp. celebensis Jordan (a male is labelled as holotype) rather than the female of the resumpta type featured in the plate by Jordan (1907). Then this taxon might form a grouping with the taxa albivitta Rothschild (Java, Lombok) and semixanta Kishida & Horie (Palawan) where similar sexual dimorphism occurs. It is possible also that azurea Kishida & Endo (Philippines), based on plesiomorphic males, is a further member of this group, but the female resembles more species of Chalcosia, the genus in which it was originally described. It was transferred to Psaphis by Yen et al. (2005: 276) and placed by them in a distinct species group. They commented that sexual dimorphism appeared only to have evolved once within the genus, but unfortunately it is not clear whether their analysis included any of the species where both sexes resemble Dysphania, given the confusion of association of sexes outlined above. Males of ssp. borneensis have similar genitalia and eighth segment sclerites to those of typical camadeva (Penang) except the eighth tergite has straighter spines and the spining with within the notch of the sternite is weaker in borneensis.
Geographical range
Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra; Borneo (ssp. borneensis); Sulawesi (ssp. celebensis).
Habitat preference
In recent surveys a male was taken in the morning crawling on the ground under a longhouse at Long Pala at 50m in disturbed alluvial forest near G. Mulu. Older material lacks precise data. The record of this species from G. Kinabalu by Holloway (1976) in fact should have been attributed to scotais Jordan and endoi sp. n.
Genitalia:
